Uno work in ukraine Essay Example for Free

Uno work in ukraine Essay Outside relations of Ukraine have begun to create after it acknowledged the Declaration of State Sovereignty in 1990 and particularly after the Act of Independence of Ukraine was reported in 1991. Ukraine was up to that point, despite the fact that it had its own seat in the United Nations and was one of its 51 establishing states, a piece of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and consequently unfit to lead it own international strategy. The Declaration of Independence turned into the foundation and beginning stage formation of the international strategy rules that would meet the models of the present-day circumstance. The needs of Ukrainian international strategy have experienced a long procedure of modification, for the most part in view of complex household and worldwide circumstance. During the primary long periods of its freedom the fundamental international strategy objectives were to win global acknowledgment of Ukraine and build up relations with different nations, particularly with the neighboring previous Soviet republics and with other European and universes nations. Other indispensable pieces of this procedure were planned for making sure about national security of the nation, guaranteeing regional respectability and expand the strategic system. One of the most huge strides in the development of the legitimate premise of Ukraine’s universal relations was the movement on the Basic Directions of the Foreign Policy of Ukraine, acknowledged by Ukrainian parliament in 1993. This report decided Ukraine’s key national enthusiasm for the international strategy, characterized its standards and rules and set the needs of the international strategy. The accompanying needs were laid out in the goals: advancement of two-sided interstate relationships,â enlargement of the support in the European co-activity, coordinated effort with the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) part states, cooperation in United Nations (UN) and other universal associations. In the next years (1994 1997) Ukraine began to pick up status of being a powerful state in the area of Central and Eastern Europe. A great deal of endeavors were made to include the country all in all European procedures. The international strategy moved its concentration from building up worldwide relations to advancing Ukrainian national interests. As the reconciliation procedure in Europe grew, so did the Ukraine’s enthusiasm for being engaged with European and Euro-Atlantic structures. Ukraine took dynamic part in all the procedures taking in both Europe and the world. Its main goal was to reestablish European character which essentially implied its joining into European structures, particularly in the European Union, in fortification of European and Atlantic associations, and dynamic support in nearby tasks and instruments of collaboration. Ukraines contribution in European combination forms is important to get enrollment in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Europe orientated international strategy doesn’t forestall Ukraine to create respective cooperation with vital accomplices, for example, the Russian organization, the United States of America Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Poland. Further endeavors will be put resources into advancement of other respective understandings, particularly with nations in Central and South Asia, the Asian-Pacific locale and in the Middle East. Current possibilities in Ukrainian international strategy are somewhat shaky. The household emergency which out broke after March 2006 parliamentary races and brought about the inability to restore the Orange Coalition has prompted multi-vectorism in Ukraine’s international strategy. Multi-vectorism is a consequence of various international strategy communicated by the president and the executive. Notwithstanding the present issues, Ukr aine’s international strategy has indicated a lot of congruity and it is probably going to remain the case. Ongoing improvements propose that an agreement have developed on immeasurably significant international strategy issues. Understand more: http://www.ukessays.com/articles/european-contemplates/ukraine-strategy profile.php#ixzz3543GXFgu

What Does Genocide Mean The era of mass murder mi Essay Example For Students

I don't get Genocide's meaning? The time of mass homicide mi Essay 644 ght be given as a name for the twentieth century. Never throughout the entire existence of the world have so a huge number of individuals been purposely executed since 1900. These millions werent all in light of war. They were survivors of destruction: the conscious killings of racial, strict, ethnic, or political gatherings. The word destruction is from the Greek genos, meaningrace, or clan, and the Latin cide, which means murdering. The First Significant Genocide The Armenian Genocide was coordinated against the inhabitants of Asia Minor by the Turkish government. This purposeful butcher started on April 24, 1915, under the front of World War 1. The number slaughtered are unsure. We will compose a custom paper on What Does Genocide Mean? The time of mass homicide mi explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The most reduced is 800,000 and the most noteworthy in excess of 2 million. First the Armenians in the military were incapacitated, set into forces, and afterward executed. At that point the Armenian political pioneers were gathered together on April 24, 1915, and afterward slaughtered. At long last, the rest of the Armenians were called from thier homes, told they would be migrated, and afterward walked off to inhumane imprisonments in the desert among Jerablus and Deir ez-Zor where they would starve and ache to death in the sun. On March, frequently they would be denied food and water, and many were brutalized and murdered by their watchmen. The experts in Trezbizond, on the Black Sea coast, stacked Armenians on canal boats and sank them out adrift. The Turkish government has denied this at any point occurred, however this occasion has been deliberately recorded by others. My Comment: As I said before the time of mass homicide ought to be given the name of the twentieth century. This century was when the vast majority for either their race, ethnic, or religion had been executed deliberately. From the Jewish Holocaust to the every single other massacre. However, there is additionally a motivation behind why this occurred. Perhaps it was on the grounds that it was an exercise to give us how effectively we are fit for getting along such monstrosities as this. These past slaughters likewise demonstrate us that it is so critical to find a sense of contentment with each other. Without this harmony look what everything caused. Book index: .

How to Use Positive Self Talk for Stress Relief

How to Use Positive Self Talk for Stress Relief Stress Management Management Techniques Print Reduce Stress and Improve Your Life With Positive Self Talk Develop the Positive Self Talk Habit! By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on June 24, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Cultura / Duel / Riser / Getty Images You may not realize it, but your self-talk may be sabotaging your stress levels!  Self-talkâ€"the way your inner voice makes sense of the world around you and the way you communicate with your inner selfâ€"can greatly affect your stress levels in multiple ways.?? If your self-talk is generally negative, you may be perceiving events if your life as more stressful than they need to be and creating unnecessary anxiety and stress for yourself.?? You may be attributing negative motivations to people who are well-meaning, you may be perceiving yourself as less equipped to handle challenges you face, and you may be seeing only more negatives than positives in what you are facing in life, when there may be a much less stressful bright side youre not perceiving because of habitual negative self-talk.  You may also succumb to rumination, a pattern of negative thinking that can consume your idle time and bring stress from the past into the present unnecessarily without leading to any resolution.?? Patterns of negative or positive self-talk often start in childhood. Usually, the self-talk habit is one that’s colored our thinking for years  and can affect us in many ways, influencing the experience of stress in our lives.?? However, any time can be a good time to change it. Here are some ways you can stop yourself from using negative self-talk and use your mind to boost your productivity and self-esteem  and relieve stress. Notice Your Patterns The first step toward change is to become more aware of the problem. You probably don’t realize how often you say negative things in your head, or how much it affects your experience. The following strategies can help you become more conscious of your internal dialogue and its content.?? Journal Writing: Whether you carry a journal around with you and jot down negative comments when you think them, write a general summary of your thoughts at the end of the day, or just start writing about your feelings on a certain topic and later go back to analyze it for content, journaling can be an effective tool for examining your inner process.Thought-Stopping: As you notice yourself saying something negative in your mind, you can stop your thought mid-stream my saying to yourself “Stop”. Saying this aloud will be more powerful, and having to say it aloud will make you more aware of how many times you are stopping negative thoughts, and where.Rubber-Band Snap:  Another therapeutic trick is to walk around with a rubber band around your wrist; as you notice negative self-talk, pull the band away from your skin and let it snap back. It’ll hurt a little, and serve as a slightly negative consequence that will both make you more aware of your thoughts  and help to stop them! (O r, if you don’t want to subject yourself to walking around with a rubber band on your wrist, you’ll be even more careful to limit the negative thoughts!)   Replace Negative Statements   A good way to stop a bad habit is to replace it with something better. Once you’re aware of your internal dialogue, here are some ways to change it:?? Milder Wording:  Have you ever been to a hospital and noticed how the nurses talk about ‘discomfort’ instead of ‘pain’? This is generally done because ‘pain’ is a much more powerful word, and discussing your ‘pain’ level can actually make your experience of it more intense than if you’re discussing your ‘discomfort’ level. You can try this strategy in your daily life. In your self-talk, turning more powerful negative words to more neutral ones can actually help neutralize your experience. Instead of using words like ‘hate’ and ‘angry’ (as in, “I hate traffic! It makes me so angry!”), you can use words like ‘don’t like’ and ‘annoyed’ (“I don’t like traffic; it makes me annoyed,” sounds much milder, doesn’t it?)Change Negative to Neutral or Positive:  As you find yourself mentally complaining about something, rethink your assumptions.?? Are you assuming something is a negative event when it isn’t, necessarily? (For example, having y our plans canceled at the last minute can be seen as a negative, but what you do with your newly-freed schedule can be what you make of it.) The next time you find yourself stressing about something or deciding you’re not up to a challenge, stop and rethink, and see if you can come up with a neutral or positive replacement.Change Self-Limiting Statements to Questions:  Self-limiting statements like “I can’t handle this!” or “This is impossible!” are particularly damaging because they increase your stress in a given situation and they stop you from searching for solutions. The next time you find yourself thinking something that limits the possibilities of a given situation, turn it into a question. Doesn’t “How can I handle this?” or “How is this possible?” sound more hopeful and open up your imagination to new possibilities? You can also help yourself develop more positive self-talk by bringing more positive energy into your life.?? Surround yourself with positivity so your mind remains more optimistic and positive. How to Use Journaling for Effective Stress Management

The Arts A Fundamental Element Of Ones Human Condition...

The arts are a fundamental element of ones human condition as it provides a medium for the freedom of self-expression such as thoughts, ideas, beliefs and culture. Through this, worldviews are communicated and reflected. There is a natural necessity to create as it shares an insight into identity and culture (Wright, 2002).One who contributes, participates and views art, experience and demonstrate imagination, creativity, self-achievement, pride and pleasure. Through implementing arts into early childhood, it can foster and support a child’s mean making, self- expression and holistic development (Wright, 2002). The arts play an immense role in a child’s holistic development as it supports the links between body, cognition, spirit and culture. It is evident the arts have multiple benefits to a child’s visual, spatial, aural and bodily-kinaesthetic modes or multimodal leaning (Wright, 2002). Through this, children are able to record their thoughts and feelings with out verbally communicating and this can be done through problem solving. In all environments and cultures, there is a vast amount of visual art that can be seen as a language and symbol system, becoming a powerful tool (Wright 2002). The creation and purpose for visual arts is for visual perception. The visual arts is where one can view and show representations of their values, ideas, history and culture and in relation to one’s purpose and context (Wright, 2002). Visual art is an important aspect to a child’sShow MoreRelatedConcept Of Operational Art As A Cognitive Process1538 Words   |  7 Pages Operational art implies that war is the use of military force to achieve a strategic political goal, and that warfare is the methodology in which the government employs its military force to achieve that goal. The concept of operational art as a cognitive process to align actions in space and time is critical to understanding its relationship to war and warfare. As a cognitive process, its strengths and weaknesses derive from the human element. Historical examples demonstrate that those who haveRead MoreRIWT task 1 direction Essay example669 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿SUBDOMAIN 112.1 - FUNDAMENTAL CONC EPTS, METHODS, MODES IN THE HUMANITIES Competency 112.1.2: Imagination, Values, and Emotions -  The graduate examines concepts and modes of expression in human imagination, values, and emotions. Introduction:    Works of art vary greatly across genres and time periods. Some works of the humanities seem to have originated from the minds of specific individuals or from social and cultural influences, while other works of art were influenced by the styles andRead MoreEssay about European Law and the Principle of Conferral1569 Words   |  7 PagesEUROPEAN LAW AND THE PRINCIPLE OF CONFERRAL The Principle of Conferral is a fundamental principle of European Union law as stipulated in Article TEU 5(1) its limits of Union competences are governed by the principle of conferral According to this principle, the EU is a union of member states, and all its competences are voluntarily conferred on it by its member states. The EU has no competences by right, and thus any areas of policy not explicitly agreed in treaties by all member states remainRead MoreArt History And Its Impact On Art980 Words   |  4 PagesArt history allows for a greater understanding of the progression of human thought and how conditions from one time period to another are reflected in art. Humanity represents itself through art and by doing so we are able to take a deeper look into the mentality and emotions that were held within a certain time period. Human studies such as cultural studies or history only highlight small specific areas of humanity while art history combines the two and gives a comprehe nsive look into all factorsRead MoreYin Yang s Influence On Human Body Being Dealing With Health Issues1633 Words   |  7 Pagesthough confucianism was the dominant and official religion school of thought during the Han dynasty. Yin Yan initially was elaborated and written by Tsou Yen(or Zou Yan) of the Naturalist school(Yin Yang). The Yin Yang phenomena are widely seen in human body being dealing with health issues. That diseases start if there is an imbalance in the Yin Yang in our bodies. If Yin and Yang are balance then we are healthy. Yin(black) and Yang(white), Yin can be seen as more superior to Yang but the two forcesRead MoreAn Internal Market Within The European Union1646 Words   |  7 Pagesmarket bringing about conditions as close as possible to those of a genuine internal market†. ‘Goods’ is define under Art 28 TFEU and further explain in Commission v Italy as products having a monetary value and able to involve in commercial transaction. On the facts it’s a non-fiscal barrier as it only involves products there was no monetary, taxation or charges involve here and the cross border element is satisfy as it’s between member states. Thus the question here is whether Art 34 TFEU is breachRead MoreAnalysis Of Leo Tolstoy s The French Artist 1258 Words   |  6 Pagesaesthetical assessment of art, and the role progress plays in regards to it, contrast greatly from that of the French artist, Marcel Duchamp. However connections can be made between their various aesthetical a rt theories, including in a way, the relationship the art has with the viewer. Although the audience’s role is radically different to each, it is essential component to both, Duchamp’s and Tolstoy’s aesthetical theories. Tolstoy approaches the aesthetic view of art as a necessity to societyRead MoreJustice Is The Legal Or Philosophical Theory Of Justice1503 Words   |  7 PagesJustice is the art which gives to each man what is good for his soul. Discuss. â€Å"Justice is the art which gives to each man what is good for his soul† and that is simply to say that justice is identical with, or inseparable with philosophy. (Cahn, Political Philosophy, 1-136) Justice is an order and duty of the parts of the soul; it is to the soul as medicine preserves the health of the body. In its current and cardinal definition is a just behavior or treatment; a concern for justice, peace, andRead MoreThe Borough Of Brentwood, England Be Considered A Sustainable Community?1112 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Earth will not be able to cope with the exponential growth of pollution and resource consumption. At present there are many examples of areas that have made their communities sustainable as a result of the UN millennium goal. These goals stated†¦One example is Milagro. This is a community in Arizona that has recently become sustainable. It is known for its cohousing community of twenty-eight, energy efficient, passive solar homes. I have chosen to perform my tests in Brentwood as it is a developedRead MoreThe Art Of Human Caring Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesBC November 3, 2016 The art of human caring is one of the most essential parts of the nursing profession. Caring is not something that you learn to do, but something that is within you. In nursing, it is important to know what kind of nurse you want to be as well as the care you intend to provide to your patients. The patient is the center of nursing, and it is your responsibility to make sure they are receiving the best care that they can receive. One of the most important things is to

The Pros And Cons Of Cohabitation Before Marriage

The Pros and Cons of Cohabitation before Marriage Introduction Social scientists have defined cohabitation as a situation where two adults, male and female live together in a relationship that is intimate and non-marital. The two make living arrangements without legal bounds to stay together before getting married. In most of the countries and in this case in the United States, cohabitation is a common feature among the American family life (Stokes Raley, n.d). It has become a typical pathway to marriage hence becoming a central part of the family landscape for adults and children and this is common in the United States (Mosailova, 2014). Research made by the National Survey of Family Growth indicates that approximately 58 percent of†¦show more content†¦The two want to spend adequate time together and get to understand what is required of them when they get married (Alvare, 2012). In this 21st century, family roles have changed because women today are exposed to life at colleges, get good jobs and also own their apartments meaning that they are free to cohabitate before they get married. This is totally different from traditional families whereby women could only leave their home when heading to their husband s homestead. When the two cohabitate they have more time after work to spend together and also developing routines around daily life and this is essential because it helps in building their relationship (Mosailova, 2014). Moreover, when the two cohabitate, they have the opportunity to learn each other s habits before they say ‘I do’. In the process, the partners test their relationship and also presumably prevent divorce in the future. The median duration of cohabitation is 1.3 years and research has shown that 40 percent of the cohabiting partners break up and this occurs after testing the relationship if good or bad (Alvare, 2012). When they cohabitate, they learn each other behaviors in terms of personal characteristics and develop strategies to work together and also respect each other. Many young people plan to stay together to see if they can really put up with each other after marriage. In the process,Show MoreRelatedLiving Together Before Marriage997 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿SPEECH #2: Deciding Whether or not to Live Together before Marriage Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about making decisions on whether or not to live together before marriage. Thesis: Deciding whether or not to live together before marriage is an important decision to make that has both negative and positive consequences depending on which side you choose. I. Introduction: A. Marriage is like fine win, if tended to properly, it gets better with age. According to Neil Shah, â€Å"In theRead Moreterm paper about living together before marriage1464 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿LIVING TOGETHER BEFORE MARRIAGE The human being and their society are always constant motion. In modern life, there are new tendencies which a lot of different than traditional countries appear. One of aspects changed quickly all over the world is love, marriage and family. A flower cannot without sunshine and man cannot live without love. (Max Muller) Love is a sacred and wonderful sentiment. In generation past, marriage and living together forever are a last destination of loveRead MoreMarriage Vs Cohabitation : Marriage And Cohabitation1055 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage Vs Cohabitation Introduction: The picture of family has changed dramatically in the last fifty years, due to the incline of cohabitation before marriage. Cohabitation is extremely popular and has become quite the trend. When looking at both married and cohabitating couples there are advantages and disadvantages to both, but when one looks at the day to day small things they share some common ground. The Pros of Marriage: The tradition of marriage was intended to keep couples togetherRead MoreMarriage And Cohabitation : Marriage Vs Cohabitation1111 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage Vs Cohabitation The picture of family has changed dramatically in the last fifty years, due to the increase of cohabitation before marriage. Cohabitation is extremely popular and has become quite the trend. When looking at both married and cohabiting couples, there are advantages and disadvantages to both, but when one looks at the day-to-day small things they share some common ground. The Pros of Marriage The tradition of marriage was intended to keep couples together for the rest ofRead MoreCohabitation1285 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Raema Miles ENC1101 (online) T. Thomas 11/22/2014 Word Count: 1131 Cohabitation Before Marriage is it Good or Bad? One significant increase in trends is living together before marriage which has created a new term called: Cohabitation. Cohabitation has become very popular among our society in the United States.   According to the latest data from the CDC, nearly half of American women aged 15-44 have lived with a partner sans wedding ring between 2006-2010, up from just 34 percent of women in 1995Read MoreCohabitation Between Cohabitation And Cohabitation Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesCohabitation refers to an unmarried couple who live together. Living together before marriage is no longer taboo, instead it has become an accepted and expected milestone of adulthood. Cohabitation isn’t a new phenomenon, in fact it became prevalent in the 1970s due to the sexual revolution and the access of birth control. It has become increasingly prevalent over the past three decades. A total of 4.9 million households consisted of heterosexual cohabiting couples in 2000 (Sassler, 2007). TheRead MoreC ohabitation By Andrew J. Postag81v1 s Article From 2004, The Deinstitutionalization Of American Marriage Essay1487 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past few decades, cohabitation has become more recent for couples and families. Cohabitation is when a couple who is not married is living under the same roof as if they are married. It does not refer to roommates or family members who live together, at least two people have to be in a romantic union for it to count as cohabitation. Cohabiting can be for a variety of different reasons. In the 1990s, around 2.5 million people were cohabiting but as of 2015 about 8.3 million people wereRead MoreThe Trial Period Before Marriage1670 Words   |  7 PagesThe Trial Period before Marriage PART A For many decades, cohabitation has been a common trend and is steadily on the rise, especially in the United States. It has been labeled â€Å"the norm† for couples to live together before marriage. Cohabitation has taken research into a new level and new research is evolving day by day with factors related to cohabitation first and marriage next. The types of research that is currently present in today’s society is information on cohabitation and economic factorsRead MoreShould We Live Together1601 Words   |  7 PagesShould We Live Together? 1 Should We Live Together? What Young Adults Need to Know about Cohabitation Alita Lyon Utilizing Information, COM 125 Professor Verdi June 17, 2007 Should We Live Together? 2 Should We Live Together? A Review of the Literature Cohabitation is replacing marriage as the first living together experience for young men and women. When brides walk down the aisle over half have already lived together with a boyfriend. For today s young adultsRead MoreMarriage : Then And Now1583 Words   |  7 Pages110 – Marriage Family 9/11/14 Marriage: Then and Now The evolution of marriage has transformed a great deal overtime, and today, is in a unique stage. It is often that couples choose to live together before tying the not. This is called cohabitation. During this time period, couples are able to experience one another at the next level. They learn more about their significant other than ever before, and it is a great assessor as to what the future holds for the two. Whereas cohabitation is widely

Hanson Industry HPL Free Essays

Abstract Hansson Private Label (HPL) is a manufacturer of personal care products. The company was purchased by Mr Hanson in 1992. The investment represented significant risk for Hanson because a significant portion of his wealth was tied up is a single investment. We will write a custom essay sample on Hanson Industry HPL or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over the past sixteen years Hanson has grown the company at a conservative but persistent fashion. He is now faced with an investment opportunity that promises swift growth but also accompanies significant amount of risk. The sales of the private labels are dependent on few larger customers and customer retention is very important to a company like HPL. Recently HPL’s largest customer has approach the company for a large order. The company will need to invest in expanding its facilities in order to meet the order requirements. This is an excellent opportunity for HPL but the downside is that the customer would only commit to a three year contract and the company can bear significant losses if the customer refuses to buy the product after the contract expires. Therefore Hansson needs to accurately calculate the cash flows related to the investment and account for the risk inherent in the investment before he can make decision on the expansion project. Excel Sheet Projections for Expansion Project Investment Appraisal for Expansion Project 2009-2018 Free Cash Flows, NPV, IRR, MIRR Calculation of Cost of Capital Riskfree Rate, Market Risk Premium, EquityBeta, Cost of Equity, Cost of Debt, WACC Sensitivity Analysis of Key Projections Decrease of 10% Current Increase of 10% Capacity Utlilization, Selling Price, WACC, Production Cost Page 1 HPL. tx. txt Questions Covered 1. There are two main parts to any valuation analysis: Projection of cash-flows and discounting them by the appropriate discount rate. Your main objective is to analyze the appropriateness of both these parts. Are the cash-flow projections reasonable? Does the discount rate make sense? 2. Estimate appropriate incremental after-tax cash-flows. Make sure that you explain the appropriateness of your cash-flow projections. 3. What should the discount rate depend on? Discuss. 4. Finally, offer your conclusions including an analysis of strategic implications of the proposal. You are not expected to know as much as the insiders of the firm. They will certainly know more. But, do the best you can. How to cite Hanson Industry HPL, Papers

Linguistics and Language Essay Example

Linguistics and Language Essay 1. The underlying assumptions, theories, and methods used by psychologiest, linguists, and researchers are believed to strongly affect the way each defines psycholinguistics. Please discuss some different conceptions of psycholinguistics in its relation to other branches of linguistics. Then, define yours. One of your reference should be â€Å"fundamentals of Pyscholinguistics by Fernandez and Cairns (2010)† OPsycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study in which the goals are to understand how people acquire language, how people use language to speak and understand one another, and how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science (Fernandez: 2011). OPsycholinguistics examines the psychology of language; psycholinguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguists study understanding, producing, and remembering language, and hence are concerned with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language. (Harley, Trevor A. 2001. The Psychology of Language. ) OPsycholinguistic studies have revealed that many of the concepts employed in the analysis of sound structure, word structure, and sentence structure also play a role in language processing. However, an account of language processing also requires that we understand how these linguistic concepts interact with other aspects of human processing to enable language production and comprehension. ( William OGrady, et al. , Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. Bedford/St. Martins, 2001 OPsycholinguistics, there is a constant exchange of information between psycholinguists and those working in neurolinguistics, who study how language is represented in the brain. There are also close links with studies in artificial intelligence. Indeed, much of the early interest in l anguage processing derived from the AI goals of designing computer programs that can turn speech into writing and programs that can recognize the human voice. (John Field, Psycholinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2003) OPsycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. : transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of : perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork: 1973) Oâ€Å"†¦.. psycholinguists are interested in the underlying knowledge and abilities which people must have in order to use language in childhood. We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics and Language specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics and Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics and Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I say â€Å"underlying knowledge and abilities† because language, like all systems of human knowledge, can only be inferred from the careful study of overt behavior. † (Dan Isaac Slobin: 1979) OBased on my reading, Psycholinguistics is study about language acquisition, language used one another, and study how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science. . Linguistic analysis might use similar language data or language corpuses as the object of analysis. Please give an example of language use which can be analyzed from different point of view, particularly from semantics, pragmatics, socialinguistics, discourse analysis, and psycholinguistics. Support your answer in term of their focuses of analysis. How are they similar, different, and how are they related one other. Linguisti cs study about human language as communication. In other hand, linguistics as fild of study that the object is language. Semantics is one of study that hand-in-hand with pragmatics. specializing in semantics studies, languageis study about the meaning of words, that is influenced by the context in which the words are presented. Semantics study how words are given meaning by their structure, tone, and the situation in which they are used.  ·Pragmatics is concerned with the role of context in the interpretation of meaning.  ·Pragmatics and semantics is different parts but the same general study. Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with people’s ability to use language meaningfully. While semantics is concerned with a speaker’s competence to use the language system in producing meaningful utterances and processing (comprehending).  ·Sociolinguistics a close neighbour of psycholinguistics, can be defined as the linguistic study dealing with the functioning of language in society. Sociolinguitics has to do with the study of language from the viewpoint of how social, regional, individual and historical aspects influence the language and its use in society which is specifically called speech community. OPsycholinguistics is the study of language acquisition and linguistic behavior. Psycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. : transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of : perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork: 1973)  ·Discourse Analysis is approaches to analyzing written, vocal, or sign language use. discourse analysis is, like descriptive linguistics, a way of studying language. It may be regarded as a set of techniques, rather than a theoretically predetermined system for the writing of linguistic rules. (Yule, George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Doing discourse analysis certainly involves doing syntax and semantic, but it primarily consists of doing pragmatics. In discourse analysis, as in pragmatics, we are concerned with what people using language are doing, and accounting for the linguistic features in the discourse as the means employed in what they are doing. . The objects of psycholinguistic studeis are addressed to language production, acquisition, and comprehension. Could you explain how are the processes of the three language uses in term of psycholinguistics analysis.  ·Language production based on Levelt, speech production divided into four stage; I. Conceptualization and formulation Primitive linguistic concept about first conceptualized in human mind by David Mcneill stated that linguistic concepts are f ormed as two current and parallel modes of taught. These are syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking. Then syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking ellaborate to conceptualize conversation in which speech utterance and gestures to be tied together in time. But this concept has gone record. Formulation as the output of the process language production. Lashely stated that production and comprehension of speech is linear process. Based on tradition od examining speech production, sleep tangue as a window of the formulation process. II. slips of the tongue Slip of the tongue is normal mistake, it happen to catch the goof ourselve. Then we can immediately correct. Slip the tongue as the production process . ut this concept has gone record too. III. Articulation In this stage we consider about what happens when all of he information go from our brain to articulation. IV. Self-Monitoring Self – monitoring seems that as final stage. It is not only produce speech and listen one to another, but also to keep one ear open on what they themselve saying.  ·Language acquisition Language a cquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words[-;0] and sentences[-;1] to communicate. Language acquisition began the same with the cognitive science at 1950’s. Chomsky argued that language acquisition falsified these beliefs in a single stroke: children learn languages that are governed by highly subtle and abstract principles, and they do so without explicit instruction or any other environmental clues to the nature of such principles. While Hence stated language acquisition depends on an innate, species-specific module that is distinct from general intelligence. Chomsky believes that every child has a ‘language acquisition device’ or LAD which encodes the major principles of a language and its grammatical structures into the child’s brain. In other point of view There are five stages in language acquisition stated by Chumbow and Adegbija (1984) such as babbling stage, the holophrastic stage, the two-word utterances, the telegraphic stage and recursive stage.  ·Language comprehension Clark and Clark argue that language comprehension is mental process by listeners take in the sounds uttered by speaker and use them to construct an interpretation of what they think the speaker intended to convey. (Clark and Clark: 1977)In sum up, language comprehension is building the meaning from sounds. While Language comprehension is generally viewed in cognitive theory as con-sisting of active and complex processes in which individuals construct meaning from aural or written information (Anderson 1985; Byrnes 1984; Call 1985; Howard 1985; Pearson 1985; Richards, 1983). An-derson (1983, 1985) proposes that the mental processes necessary for comprehending aural and written texts are sufficiently similar that comprehension of both can generally be discussed as a common phe-nomenon. 4. Following Clark and Clark (1977), comprehension involves two processes-construction and utilization processes. The first is concerned with the way listeners construct an interpretation of a sentence from the speakers’ words. The second deals with how listeners utilize this interpretation for further purposes for registering new infromation, answering questions, following orders, and registering promises. What really happens in our cognitive domains (memory) for both processes? Examplify your answer that the first happens earlier than the second OClark and Clark (1977) say that short-term memory is roughly related to the working memory in the construction process; long term memory is dealt with the process of utilization. In other word In short, short-term just focus on the surface of the utterance (how the sentence is constructed) while the long one concern on the meaning more (how the sentence is properly utilized). Outilization, consists of relating a mental represen-tation of the text meaning to declarative knowledge in long-term mem-ory. This process is referred to as elaboration in other descriptions of the reading process. Utilization is the key to comprehension and the basic determinant that facilitates it. In any mes-sage, there may be an interplay between information we already know and information that is entirely new. . Production of a speech requires speakers to plan what to say before its execution. Theoritically, the plan begins firstly with discourse plan followed by sentence plan and, at last, constituent plan. What should be the underlying concepts of this order? In the execution of a speech plan, several mental activities happen, what are they? Explain your answer OSpeech production is the process by which spoken[-;2] words are selected to be produced, have their phonetics[-;3] formulated and then finally are articulated by the motor system[-;4] in thevocal apparatus[-;5]. Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a person creates the words of a conversation[-;6], reaction such as when they name a picture or read[-;7] aloud a written word[-;8], or a vocal imitation such as in speech repetition[-;9]. Speech production is not the same as language production since language[-;10] can also be produced manually by signs[-;11]. The production of spoken language[-;12] involves three major levels of processing. The first is the processes of conceptualization[-;13] in which the intention[-;14] to create speech links a desired concept to a particular spoken word to be expressed. The second stage is formulation in which the linguistic[-;15] form required for that words expression is created. This process involves such processes as the generation of a syntactic[-16] frame, and phonological[-17] encoding which specifies the phonetic[-18] form of the intended utterance, the third stage is articulation[-19] which involves the retrieval of the particular motor phonetics[-20] of a word and the motor coordination[-21] of appropriate phonation[-22] and articulation by the lungs, glottis, larynx, tongue[-23], lips[-24], jaw[-25], and other parts. Levelt, WJ (1999). Models of word production. [-26]. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (6): 223–232) 6. Children acquire language faster than adults’. Please give your arguments to agree or disagree to this statement. How do children use their utterance compared to adult. You should refer to, at least, four references. OChomsky points out that a child could not possibly learn a language through imitation alone beca use the language spoken around them is highly irregular – adult’s speech is often broken up and even sometimes ungrammatical. In ways understanding and establish meaning in words, children and adults are different. Children tend to focus more on the superficial physical characteristics of an object when defining the prototype for an object and when comparing a stimulus to that prototype. Thus, children will gradually their understanding of an object. Steinberg at all (2001) conclude the progress started from vocalization to babbling, babbling to speech, naming and using holophrastic for one word utterances, and using telegraphic speech for two and three words utterances. Another expert Mc Neill in Steinberg at all (2001:36) gives another opinion that the child who is learning language can compare the language that they have in their mind with what they hear from his parents. Children give priority to collocational links between words. For example, a child might respond with the word ‘night’ when told the word ‘dark’, whereas an adult more likely to respond with the word ‘light’ when presented with the same word ‘dark. Children may take time to discover the criteria by adult classify item as co-ordinates. 7. Language structure and language function can be seen differently by different scholars from the side of the meaning of an utterance. Please discuss your opinion about the function approach to meaning (the procedures and uses) Outterances has different meaning in context (including the situation, condition, location and the time in which the utterances are produced). For example : †Masak begitu saja jadi gila sih? † this utterance May be in giving support or motivate somebody who just got disappointed or depressed. 8. Please quote a mass demonstrant’s discourse (at least consisting of ten sentences). Please analyze psycholinguisticly the discourse of the demonstrant by considering his/her mass psychology. ODemo guru bantu : ‘angkat kami jadi PNS. Kami telah lama mengabdi untuk negri ini. Kalau kami tidak diangkat jadi PNS, gaji kami tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan primer kami. Yaitu kebutuhan hidup keluarga dan kebutuhan pendidikan anak-anak kami. Guru bantu perlu diperhatikan kesejahteraan hidupnya. Dari demo guru di atas terlihat semua individu memiliki kepentingan menjadi satu yaitu meminta kenaikan Gaji yang tidak sesuai standar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan utama. Dari kalimat demo di atas, setiap idividu guru lebih memiliki power yang lebih besar untuk meminta kenaikan gaji dikarekan mereka bersatu menjadi satu. OMass psychology is a branch of social psychology[-27]. Mass psychology is concerned with the behaviour and thought processes of individual mass members and the mass as a whole. The main idea of Sigmund Freud[-28]s crowd behavior theory is that people who are in a crowd act differently towards people from those who are thinking individually. The minds of the group would merge to form a way of thinking. Each members enthusiasm would be increased as a result, and one becomes less aware of the true nature of ones actions. Other major thinkers of crowd psychology include Rene Girard[-;29], Gustave Le Bon[-;30], Wilfred Trotter[-;31], Gabriel Tarde[-;32],Sigmund Freud[-;33], Elias Canetti[-;34], Steve Reicher[-;35] and Julia Constintine. 9. How do you agree (support) or disagree to the following ideas: a. language need not be taught, nor can it be suppressed OI agree that language need to be taught nor can be suppressed, Fernandez stated that language acquisition in the child is a naturally unfolding process, Every normal human acquires alinguistic system, and failure to do so is evidence for some sort of pathology. that children need to experience social, interactive language in order to acquire language. In fact, people acquire language at about the same speed during about the same age span, no matter what kind of cultural and social situation they grow up in. b. hildren everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule OI agree that children everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule. Based on (Fernandez: 2011) state that babies coo in the first half of their first year and begin to babble in the second half. The first word comes in the first half of the second year for just about everyone. In all societies, babies go through a one-word stage, followed by a period of early sentences of increasing len gth; finally, complex sentences begin. By the age of 5 the basic structures of the language are in place, although fine-tuning goes on until late child-hood. Children all over the world are sensitive to the same kinds of language properties, such as word order and inflection. They make remarkably few errors, but their errors are of a similar type. While there is much individual variation in the age at which children acquire aspects of language, that variation is conditioned by individual char-acteristics of the child rather than by the language being acquired or the culture in which the language is used. c. language is universal in human being OI agree with that statement about there are close to 7,000 languages spoken in the world today and, on the surface, they differ greatly. However, there are profound similarities among the languages of the world – so many similarities, in fact, that human language can be thought of as a single entity. Language universals result from the way the human brain organizes and processes linguistic information: language universals are a product of human neurology. Thus, a person’s ability to acquire and use language is natural These universals do not derive from social, cultural, or general intellectual characteristics of humans. Instead, List of references: Clark, H. H. and E. V. Clark (1977): Psychology and Language, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Fernandez, Eva M. (2011). Fundamental of psycholinguistics. Oxford. Wiley-Blackwell Steinberg, at all (2001): Psycholinguistic: Language, Mind, and World. Malaysia, Pearson Education. Scovel, T (2001): Psycholinguistics. Hong Kong, Oxford University Press. Yasin, Anas. (2010). Tindak Tutur: sebuah model gamatika komunikatif. Padang: Sukabina Press [-;0] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Word [-;1] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) [-;2] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spoken [-;3] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetic [-;4] http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Motor_system [-;5] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vocal_apparatus [-;6] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conversation [-;7] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reading_(process) [-;8] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Writing [-;9] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Speech_repetition [-;10] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language [-;11] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sign_language [-;12] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki /Spoken_language [-;13] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conceptualization [-;14] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Intention -;15] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language [-;16] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Syntactic [-;17] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonological [-;18] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetic [-;19] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation [-;20] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetics [-;21] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Motor_coordination [-;22] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonation [-;23] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tongue [-;24] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lip [-;25] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jaw -;26] http://www. columbia. edu/~rmk7/HC/HC_Readings/Levelt. pdf [-;27] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_psychology [-;28] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud [-;29] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard [-;30] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon [-;31] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wil fred_Trotter [-;32] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gabriel_Tarde [-;33] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud [-;34] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Elias_Canetti [-;35] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steve_Reicher